| Resumen: |
What are the factors that facilitate corruption?
A variety of economic, political, administrative, social and cultural factors enable and foster corruption.
Corruption is collective rather than simply individual, going beyond private gain to encompass broader interests and benefits within political systems.
Corruption is a symptom of wider governance dynamics and is likely to thrive in conditions where accountability is weak and people have too much discretion.
It is this collective and systemic character of corruption that makes it so entrenched and difficult to address. Democracy does not in itself lead to reduced corruption.
What are the gender dimensions of corruption?
There is no conclusive evidence that women are less predisposed to corruption than men.
Greater participation of women in the political system and political processes is not a “magic bullet” to fight corruption.
What are the effects of corruption on growth and broader development?
The effect of corruption on macroeconomic growth remains contested, and corruption has not been a determining factor constraining growth.
Corruption has a negative effect on both inequality and the provision of basic services, so it affects poor people disproportionately.
Lack of trust, reduced legitimacy and lack of confidence in public institutions can be both a cause and an effect of corruption.
Corruption has a negative effect on domestic investment and tax revenues.
At the micro level, corruption imposes additional costs on growth for companies, especially in terms of their performance and productivity.
The relationship between corruption and fragility varies: it can be a source of conflict but has also been an important stabilising factor in some settings.
Corruption has negative consequences for the environment. |
